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content="使用poetry来管理python项目 | 随言碎语"><meta itemprop="description" content=""></span><header class="post-header"><h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">使用poetry来管理python项目</h1><div class="post-meta-container"><div class="post-meta"><span class="post-meta-item"><span class="post-meta-item-icon"><i class="far fa-calendar"></i> </span><span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span> <time title="创建时间：2021-01-23 10:25:34" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2021-01-23T10:25:34+08:00">2021-01-23</time> </span><span class="post-meta-item"><span class="post-meta-item-icon"><i class="far fa-calendar-check"></i> </span><span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span> <time title="修改时间：2023-05-11 12:30:22" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2023-05-11T12:30:22+08:00">2023-05-11</time> </span><span class="post-meta-item" title="阅读次数" id="busuanzi_container_page_pv"><span class="post-meta-item-icon"><i class="far fa-eye"></i> </span><span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读次数：</span> <span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span> </span><span class="post-meta-break"></span> <span class="post-meta-item" title="本文字数"><span class="post-meta-item-icon"><i class="far fa-file-word"></i> </span><span class="post-meta-item-text">本文字数：</span> <span>4.3k</span> </span><span class="post-meta-item" title="阅读时长"><span class="post-meta-item-icon"><i class="far fa-clock"></i> </span><span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 ≈</span> <span>8 分钟</span></span></div></div></header><div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody"><p>使用poetry来管理python项目，快速的构建开发环境，快速的发布，以及进行第三方库的依赖管理。</p><span id="more"></span><h2 id="1-背景">1.背景</h2><p>Poetry 是一个Python 中的好用的包管理工具。在 Python 中，打包系统和依赖管理非常复杂：一个项目经常要同时创建多个文件，例如：</p><ul><li><code>setup.py</code></li><li><code>requirements.txt</code></li><li><code>setup.cfg</code></li><li><code>MANIFEST.in</code></li><li><code>Pipfile</code></li></ul><p>基于此， poetry 将所有的配置都放置在一个 toml 文件中，包括：依赖管理、构建、打包、发布等，可谓是简单方便。</p><h2 id="2-安装">2. 安装</h2><ol><li><p>环境：windows10 + Python 3.8.10 + Python 2.7</p><ul><li>注：如何并存多个版本的python，见之前的文章 <a href="/2020/10/08/windows%E4%B8%8A%E5%90%8C%E6%97%B6%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84python/" title="windows上同时安装多个版本的python">windows上同时安装多个版本的python</a></li></ul></li><li><p>pipx 或者 pip 进行安装：</p><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pipx install poetry ---推荐</span><br><span class="line">pip install poetry</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><ul><li>注： pipx的安装与介绍见之前的文章 <a href="/2021/04/19/%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8pipx%E6%9D%A5%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E7%9A%84python%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8/" title="使用pipx来运行独立的python应用">使用pipx来运行独立的python应用</a></li></ul></li><li><p>配置<strong>全局</strong>环境变量（可选，只是为更好的使用）</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">打开cmd窗口</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">1.查看当前的poetry环境变量：</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">poetry config --list</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cache-dir = "C:\\Users\\zmr\\AppData\\Local\\pypoetry\\Cache"</span><br><span class="line">experimental.new-installer = true</span><br><span class="line">installer.parallel = true</span><br><span class="line">virtualenvs.create = true</span><br><span class="line">virtualenvs.in-project = false</span><br><span class="line">virtualenvs.path = "{cache-dir}\\virtualenvs" # C:\\Users\\zmr\\AppData\\Local\\pypoetry\\Cache\\virtualenvs</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><table><thead><tr><th>配置项</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>cache-dir</td><td>poetry使用的缓存目录的路径 默认值: macOS: <strong>~/Library/Caches/pypoetry</strong> Windows: <strong>C:\Users< username >\Appdata\Local\pypoetry\Cache</strong> Unix: <strong>~/.cache/pypoetry</strong></td></tr><tr><td>virtualenvs.create</td><td>默认值为true，如果执行 <strong>poetry install</strong>/<strong>poetry add</strong>时没有虚拟环境，就自动创建一个虚拟环境，设置为false的话，当虚拟环境不存在时，会将包安装到系统环境</td></tr><tr><td>virtualenvs.in-project</td><td>默认值为false，设置为true的话，会在当前项目目录下创建虚拟环境</td></tr><tr><td>virtualenvs.path</td><td>虚拟环境的路径，默认路径 <strong>{cache-dir}\virtualenvs</strong></td></tr></tbody></table><p>根据需求做以下的调整</p><figure class="highlight tex"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">1. 更改缓存目录到其他盘，避免C盘占用</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">$</span> poetry config cache-dir E:<span class="keyword">\TEMP</span><span class="keyword">\cache</span><span class="keyword">\poetry</span><span class="keyword">\cache</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">2.更改为在当前位置创建虚拟环境，更容易管理</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">$</span> poetry config virtualenvs.in-project true</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li><li><p>确认更改是生效的</p><figure class="highlight tex"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">$</span> poetry config --list</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cache-dir = "E:<span class="keyword">\\</span>TEMP<span class="keyword">\\</span>cache<span class="keyword">\\</span>poetry<span class="keyword">\\</span>cache"</span><br><span class="line">experimental.new-installer = true</span><br><span class="line">installer.parallel = true</span><br><span class="line">virtualenvs.create = true</span><br><span class="line">virtualenvs.in-project = true</span><br><span class="line">virtualenvs.path = "{cache-dir}<span class="keyword">\\</span>virtualenvs" <span class="params">#</span> E:<span class="keyword">\TEMP</span><span class="keyword">\cache</span><span class="keyword">\poetry</span><span class="keyword">\cache</span><span class="keyword">\virtualenvs</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li></ol><h2 id="3-基本使用">3. 基本使用</h2><h3 id="3-1-添加poetry管理">3.1 添加poetry管理</h3><ol><li><p>已有的项目，直接在当前项目的根目录执行<code>poetry init</code>即能根据你回答的问题生成<code>pyproject.toml</code>文件</p><figure class="highlight toml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="section">[tool.poetry]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">name</span> = <span class="string">"demo"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">version</span> = <span class="string">"0.1.0"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">description</span> = <span class="string">""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">authors</span> = [<span class="string">"xxx <xxx@126.com>"</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="section">[tool.poetry.dependencies]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">python</span> = <span class="string">"^3.8"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="section">[tool.poetry.dev-dependencies]</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="section">[build-system]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">requires</span> = [<span class="string">"poetry-core>=1.0.0"</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">build-backend</span> = <span class="string">"poetry.core.masonry.api"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li><li><p>如果你想创建一个新的 Python 项目，使用 <code>poetry new <文件夹名称></code>命令可以创建一个项目模板：</p><figure class="highlight tex"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">$</span> poetry new foo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">这会创建一个这样的项目结构：</span><br><span class="line">foo</span><br><span class="line">├── pyproject.toml</span><br><span class="line">├── README.rst</span><br><span class="line">├── foo</span><br><span class="line">│ └── <span class="built_in">_</span><span class="built_in">_</span>init<span class="built_in">_</span><span class="built_in">_</span>.py</span><br><span class="line">└── tests</span><br><span class="line"> ├── <span class="built_in">_</span><span class="built_in">_</span>init<span class="built_in">_</span><span class="built_in">_</span>.py</span><br><span class="line"> └── test<span class="built_in">_</span>foo.py</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li></ol><ul><li>注：如果你想使用 src 文件夹，可以添加 <code>--src</code>选项，这会把程序包嵌套在 src 文件夹里。</li></ul><h3 id="3-2-创建虚拟环境">3.2 创建虚拟环境</h3><ol><li><p>使用 <code>poetry install</code>命令创建虚拟环境（确保当前目录有 pyproject.toml 文件）：</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">poetry install</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>如果系统中既有Python2又有Python3，且项目既支持Python2也支持Python3，那poetry会优先使用Python2。</p></li><li><p>利用 <code>poetry env use</code>创建</p><p>这个命令，可以指定创建虚拟环境时使用的Python解释器版本</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">poetry <span class="built_in">env</span> use python2</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">查看当前的环境信息</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">poetry <span class="built_in">env</span> info</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Virtualenv</span><br><span class="line">Python: 2.7.10</span><br><span class="line">Implementation: CPython</span><br><span class="line">Path: E:\git-code\behave-db\.venv</span><br><span class="line">Valid: True</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">System</span><br><span class="line">Platform: win32</span><br><span class="line">OS: nt</span><br><span class="line">Python: d:\program files\python27</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li></ol><h3 id="3-3-安装包、卸载包">3.3 安装包、卸载包</h3><p>使用 poetry add 命令来安装一个包：</p><figure class="highlight tex"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">安装包</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">$</span> poetry add flask</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">执行完成后，会自动加到 pyproject.toml 中，下次直接install的时候就自动包含了flask</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">卸载包</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">$</span> poetry remove foo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">会将其从 pyproject.toml 中移除</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><h3 id="3-4-锁定依赖">3.4 锁定依赖</h3><figure class="highlight tex"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">$</span> poetry lock</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">会锁定当前使用的所有依赖的版本，生成一个poetry.lock</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><h3 id="3-4-激活虚拟环境">3.4 激活虚拟环境</h3><figure class="highlight tex"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">poetry shell</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><h3 id="3-5-删除环境">3.5 删除环境</h3><figure class="highlight tex"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">poetry env remove python3.7</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><h3 id="3-6-build：构建">3.6 build：构建</h3><figure class="highlight tex"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">$</span> poetry build</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">会打包当前的py项目，并放到dist目录中</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><h3 id="3-7-publish：发布到仓库">3.7 publish：发布到仓库</h3><figure class="highlight tex"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">将使用build命令生成的包发布到远程仓库，默认上传至PYPI</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">$</span> poetry publish</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="params">#</span> 需要输入PYPI的用户名和密码</span><br><span class="line">Username: xxxx</span><br><span class="line">Password: </span><br><span class="line">Publishing py-sanic-samples (0.1.0) to PyPI</span><br><span class="line"> - Uploading py-sanic-samples-0.1.0.tar.gz 100<span class="comment">%</span></span><br><span class="line"> - Uploading py<span class="built_in">_</span>sanic<span class="built_in">_</span>samples-0.1.0-py3-none-any.whl 100<span class="comment">%</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><h2 id="4-pyproject-toml-配置文件的基本说明">4. pyproject.toml 配置文件的基本说明</h2><figure class="highlight toml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 设置 PyPI 镜像源,默认是走的pip的pip.ini设置的来源</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="section">[[tool.poetry.source]]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">name</span> = <span class="string">"douban"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">url</span> = <span class="string">"https://pypi.doubanio.com/simple/"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="section">[tool.poetry.dependencies]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 使用git仓库：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">requests</span> = { git = <span class="string">"https://github.com/requests/requests.git"</span> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 使用本地路径：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># directory</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">my-package</span> = { path = <span class="string">"../my-package/"</span>, develop = <span class="literal">false</span> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># file</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">my-package</span> = { path = <span class="string">"../my-package/dist/my-package-0.1.0.tar.gz"</span> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># URL</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">my-package</span> = { url = <span class="string">"https://example.com/my-package-0.1.0.tar.gz"</span> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="section">[tool.poetry.dependencies]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># python限制：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">pathlib2</span> = { version = <span class="string">"^2.2"</span>, python = <span class="string">"~2.7"</span> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 指定版本和运行环境</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">pathlib2</span> = { version = <span class="string">"^2.2"</span>, markers = <span class="string">"python_version ~= '2.7' or sys_platform == 'win32'"</span> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 根据py版本来选择版本</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">foo</span> = [</span><br><span class="line"> {version = <span class="string">"<=1.9"</span>, python = <span class="string">"^2.7"</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> {version = <span class="string">"^2.0"</span>, python = <span class="string">"^3.4"</span>}</span><br><span class="line">]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果限制很多，也可单独写一个模块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="section">[tool.poetry.group.dev.dependencies.black]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">version</span> = <span class="string">"19.10b0"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">allow-prereleases</span> = <span class="literal">true</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">python</span> = <span class="string">"^3.6"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">markers</span> = <span class="string">"platform_python_implementation == 'CPython'"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div><footer class="post-footer"><div><div style="text-align:center;color:#ccc;font-size:24px;padding-top:10px">----- The End -----</div><div><center><link 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