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BDD简介</h2><p>BDD（Behavior Driven Development），即行为驱动开发。BDD是ATDD验收测试驱动开发的一种升级版，根据明确的预期行为（一组场景）来进行开发和测试。</p><p>BDD使用<code>Gherkin</code>的自然语言风格来编写测试用例，文件格式为<code>*.feature</code>,如一个后台登录功能，可以描述如下:</p><figure class="highlight gherkin"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Feature</span>: 登录功能</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">Scenario</span>: 正常登录</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">Given</span> 用户名 admin 密码 123456</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">When</span> 打开后台页面</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">And</span> 输入用户名</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">And</span> 输入密码</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">And</span> 点击登录按钮</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">Then</span> 页面中应不包含 您输入的帐号信息不正确</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Scenario</span>: 账号为空登录</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">Given</span> 用户名为空 密码 123456</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">When</span> 打开后台页面</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">And</span> 输入用户名</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">And</span> 输入密码</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">And</span> 点击登录按钮</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">Then</span> 页面中应包含 您输入的帐号信息不正确</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Scenario</span>: 密码为空登录</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">Given</span> 用户名 admin 密码为空</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">When</span> 打开后台页面</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">And</span> 输入用户名</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">And</span> 输入密码</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">And</span> 点击登录按钮</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">Then</span> 页面中应包含 您输入的帐号信息不正确</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>以上就表示了一个完整的的测试，由于使用的是自然语言，因此这种自动化测试用例无论是从书写上，还是阅读上都是很容易的，完全可以交付给非技术类型的人去编写。</p><p><code>Gherkin</code>语法中的关键词：</p><figure class="highlight gherkin"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Feature</span>: 特性，一般指一个功能点，如登录，添加商品，查询商品等，在测试中对应一个测试套件</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Scenario</span>：场景，即Story，一个明确的场景，对应一个测试用例</span><br><span class="line">Step: 步骤，测试步骤有<span class="keyword">Given</span>/<span class="keyword">When</span>/<span class="keyword">Then</span>三种</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Given</span>: 假设，给定数据或前置条件，对应测试中的setup</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">When</span>: 当...时，对应一个测试步骤</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Then</span>: 然后，即期望结果，对应一个测试断言</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">And</span>: 同上，可以用于<span class="keyword">Given</span>/<span class="keyword">When</span>/<span class="keyword">Then</span>后</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">甚至可以将关键词改为中文的描述,例如：</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># language: zh-CN</span></span><br><span class="line">功能: 测试数字加法计算结果正确</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> 场景: 验证计算结果</span><br><span class="line"> 假如 输入50 输入50</span><br><span class="line"> 那么 结果是 100</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>行为驱动多用于UI层的测试。因此BDD框架的自动化一般结合Selenium使用。</p><h2 id="2-behave基本使用">2.behave基本使用</h2><ol><li><p>常用的BDD框架</p><p>最出名的BDD框架应该是Cucumber，使用Ruby语言，Python中常用的有behave、pytest-bdd和lettuce，其中lettuce不支持Python3。</p><p>behave是比较易用的一款BDD测试框架，github地址为：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/behave/behave">https://github.com/behave/behave</a></p></li><li><p>安装behave和selenium</p><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pip install behave</span><br><span class="line">pip install selenium</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>演示项目仓库：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://gitea.kiki.kim/ha/behave-web-demo.git">https://gitea.kiki.kim/ha/behave-web-demo.git</a></p></li><li><p>项目所需的最小目录结构</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">+--features/</span><br><span class="line">| +--steps/ # -- 存放测试步骤的目录</span><br><span class="line">| | +-- *.py # -- 测试步骤的具体实现</span><br><span class="line">| +-- *.feature # -- 测试用例 </span><br><span class="line">| +-- environment.py # 可选，用于自定义behave的环境变量，例如可以定义每个Scenario结束后做XXX事。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li><li><p>编写场景文件</p><p>在features中新建一个<code>baidu.feature</code>的文件，内容如下：</p><figure class="highlight gherkin"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Feature</span>: 百度搜索</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">Scenario</span>: 搜索关键词</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">Given</span> 关键词 behave</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">When</span> 打开百度页面</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">And</span> 输入关键词</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">And</span> 点击百度一下按钮</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">Then</span> 页面标题中应包含关键词</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li><li><p>实现场景步骤</p><p>在features中新建steps目录，在steps目录中新建<code>baidu_steps.py</code></p><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> behave <span class="keyword">import</span> given, when, then</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> selenium <span class="keyword">import</span> webdriver</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> time <span class="keyword">import</span> sleep</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@given(<span class="params"><span class="string">'关键词 {keyword}'</span></span>) </span><span class="comment"># 对应步骤 Given 关键词 behave， 参数放在{}中</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">step_impl</span>(<span class="params">context, keyword</span>): <span class="comment"># context是上下文对象，有参数的话，加上对应参数</span></span><br><span class="line"> context.keyword = keyword <span class="comment"># 将参数绑定上下文对象，以便其他步骤使用</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@when(<span class="params"><span class="string">'打开百度页面'</span></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">step_impl</span>(<span class="params">context</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> context.driver = driver = webdriver.Chrome() <span class="comment"># 同样绑定上下文对象</span></span><br><span class="line"> driver.implicitly_wait(<span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> driver.get(<span class="string">'https://www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@when(<span class="params"><span class="string">'输入关键词'</span></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">step_impl</span>(<span class="params">context</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> context.driver.find_element(<span class="string">'id'</span>, <span class="string">'kw'</span>).send_keys(context.keyword)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@when(<span class="params"><span class="string">'点击百度一下按钮'</span></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">step_impl</span>(<span class="params">context</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> context.driver.find_element(<span class="string">'id'</span>, <span class="string">'su'</span>).click()</span><br><span class="line"> sleep(<span class="number">0.5</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@then(<span class="params"><span class="string">'页面标题中应包含关键词'</span></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">step_impl</span>(<span class="params">context</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">assert</span> context.keyword <span class="keyword">in</span> context.driver.title</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li><li><p>运行</p><p>直接在<code>features</code>同级目录执行<code>behave</code>即可</p><p><img src="https://halliday.oss-cn-nanjing.aliyuncs.com/image-20230427171609391.png" alt="image-20230427171609391"></p></li></ol><h2 id="3-扩展">3.扩展</h2><p>基于behave框架，GitHub上有很多好用的第三方插件可以使用：</p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/ggozad/behaving">behaving</a> —基于behave的web自动化测试</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/mikek/behave-http">behave-http</a> —基于behave的接口自动化测试</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/M-HALLIDAY/behave-db">behave-db</a> —基于behave的数据库自动化测试</li></ul></div><footer class="post-footer"><div><div style="text-align:center;color:#ccc;font-size:24px;padding-top:10px">----- The End -----</div><div><center><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/social-share.js/1.0.16/css/share.min.css"><div class="social-share" data-sites="weibo, qq, qzone,wechat"></div><script src="http://apps.bdimg.com/libs/jquery/1.8.2/jquery.js"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/social-share.js/1.0.16/js/social-share.min.js"></script></center></div></div><div class="post-copyright"><ul><li class="post-copyright-author"><strong>本文作者： </strong>小梦同学</li><li class="post-copyright-link"><strong>本文链接：</strong> <a 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